Melbournes Weather And Climate Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate influences everyone. Subsequently it is of inclusion non only to inhabitants of a nation, yet close to visitants. The undermentioned data is structured only as a general report ; one to give inhabitants more cognizance of their condition and sightseers an idea of what can be normal. Melbourne appreciates a calm clime with warm-blistering summers ; spring and fall are soothing and mellow, the winters cool. Melbourne is seldom intolerably cold or agonizingly hot, temperature boundaries when they do happen see the more sultry realm of the thermometer accomplishing a bigger number of occupations than the colder. There is a notoriety for downpour in the city, which is measurably unjustifiable as Melbourne gets simply 50 for every centum of the mean precipitation of either Brisbane or Sydney. Conceivably it can now and again be a little capricious, in any case, it is a comfortable situation to be in whatever the season. Actually it is an extraordinary topographic point to watch the seasons change, they are so obviously characterized thus very visual inside the numerous Parkss and nurseries of fall and spring, offering ascend to all of natures emotional excellence and advances inside the bounds of an incredible city. Melbourne lays inside the southern side of the equator where the seasons are turned around to those in Europe, North America and the majority of Asia. Melbourne ‘s changes of seasons are fame for get bringing down late, the â€Å" functionary † initial twenty-four hours of summer is 21st December, yet it only here and there feels like summer until mid January or considerably later. Throughout the late spring a long time out-of-entryway exercises in impossible to miss the astonishing Melbourne sea shores are famous with the two local people and visitants.Melbourne ‘s conditions by the monthJANUARY and A ; FEBRUARYIt is high summer in Melbourne during January and February, a run of the mill twenty-four hours is warm and happy with an invigorating ocean breeze geting from the South toward the evening. A couple yearss are cool and overcast, a maximal temperature underneath 20 °C being recorded around one time a hebdomad. There are ever hot yearss and the twelvemonth ‘s most noteworthy temperature of about 40 °C is regularly recorded during these two months. A portion of the hot yearss are joined by an upsetting North air current, which can be fairly solid. To a great extent there are only a couple of hot yearss in succession. Sometimes blistering conditions may continue for at least three yearss, when the everyday visual part of that cool invigorating, north bound ocean breeze toward the evening, turns into that twenty-four hours ‘s most invite visitant. The twelvemonth ‘s hottest dim, with a negligible temperature of about 24 °C, is other than recorded during these two months. Sweltering climate for the most part finishes with a separated cool adjustment when the mercury may fall by 10 °C in only 20 proceedingss. A portion of these modifications are dry and waterless ; showers and electrical tempests go with others. High degrees of mugginess make awkwardness on extremely few yearss, to a great extent towards the termina l of a hot charm. It is non remarkable for a fourteen days to experience without downpour. On events delayed overwhelming precipitation can fall.MarchMarch is a transitional month among summer and fall. Hot conditions can be knowledgeable about the initial fourteen days, when the month ‘s most elevated temperature of about 35 °C is typically recorded ; it might great be joined by a solid northwards air current during the twenty-four hours. The hot conditions ordinarily goes to a terminal with a fresh air current change to the sou'- west and a fast harvest time in temperature. Moistness is awkward on around one twenty-four hours simply. Numerous yearss are gentle and bright albeit some yearss are cool and overcast. A maximal temperature beneath 20 °C is recorded about twice a hebdomad. The evening ocean breeze is non close to each piece solid as in mid-summer. Evenings are detectably cooler than in the originating before month. Towards the terminal of March, it is somewhat normal for the nightlong temperature to fall beneath 10 °C on a couple of events. The month is sensibly dry by the by drawn-out overwhelming precipitation, falls on occasion.AprilApril is a wonderful month, as often as possible with charms of OK merry conditions persevering through a few yearss during which the temperature every so often surpasses 25 °C. Each second twelvemonth 30 °C is surpassed. The darks are fairly cool with temperatures falling underneath 10 °C a few times a hebdomad. Once in each five mature ages a nightlong insignificant temperature underneath 5 °C is recorded. Haze happens during the early forenoon on a couple of events however clears to a lively twenty-four hours. There are regularly a few yearss of solid air current ; to a great extent from the North however the mean breeze speed of 9 kilometers for each hr is the most minimal of any month. Drawn out overwhelming precipitation falls once in a while. In April 1960, 172 millimeter fell inside three yearss. On the different manus, April 1923 is the solitary rainless schedule month on record.MAYMay is an obviously cooler month. The last case until spring of temperatures in the low 20s regularly happens in the initial fourteen days. In May 1904 the temperature surpassed 20 °C on everything except two of the initial 15 yearss. The principal hoars of the twelvemonth happen in the external rural areas delinquently in the month. In the city itself, the coldest dull of the month regularly has an insignificant temperature of 4 °C, a little unnecessarily high for hoar. Haze happens on a few forenoons however both ice and haze are ordinarily trailed by an okay and lively twenty-four hours. This pre-winter, late-fall period is essential for drawn-out times of truly light air flows in Melbourne, despite the fact that there are a couple yearss of solid air current, to a great extent from the North. Shady and showery conditions may win for some yearss at a clasp, however drawn out substa ntial downpour is rare.JuneThe conditions in June is cold, much of the time with charms of okay and unagitated conditions. There are more yearss with truly light air flows in June than in some other month. It is other than the foggiest month. Haze ordinarily frames in the late eventide and clears by early in the day, once in a while it might win for the greater part of the twenty-four hours. Numerous yearss are nebulose, June being the cloudiest month of the twelvemonth. Evenings are cold with intermittent hoars, to a great extent in the external rural areas, the most minimal temperature for the month in the city typically being about 2 °C. Downpour falls on one twenty-four hours in two and some of the time it is in the signifier of mizzle in the forenoon which clears to an okay twenty-four hours. Substantial downpour is rare.JULY and A ; AUGUSTThe windiest clasp of the twelvemonth in Melbourne starts in July. There might be a few yearss in succession of solid, cold North to north west air flows, much of the time with cloud and some light downpour. The conditions is regularly cold and shady. The couple of yearss of unagitated bright conditions are joined by cool darks with hoar or mist. Mist ordinarily shapes late in the eventide and clears by early in the day, however every so often continues for the entire twenty-four hours during July. There are typically a couple of extremely cold yearss with solid southern air flows and showers, light snow may fall on the slopes inside 35 kilometer of the city Center. On uncommon events, snow even falls in the city. The twelvemonth ‘s coldest twenty-four hours, with a maximal temperature of about 9 °C, ordinarily happens during July. Some downpour falls on a standard of one twenty-four hours in two ; on a portion of these yearss there might be just a little mizzle or a light shower. The most noteworthy figure of wet yearss in any one-month in the city is 27, in August 1939. Be that as it may, substantial downpour is uncommon at this clasp of the twelvemonth. In late August there are some hotter yearss, when the temperature regularly arrives at 20 °C for the primary clasp since May.SeptemberSeptember is the principal month of spring, which is the most variable period of the twelvemonth. A full extent of conditions might be experienced inside a couple yearss, from warm, unagitated and lively to chilly, breezy and showery. There are a few shady to cloud yearss. September is another blowy month. Most solid air flows are from the North, these often happen on the warmer yearss. There other than are now and again solid cold sou'- west air flows with showery conditions. The temperature ordinarily arrives at the mid-20s for the principal cut since April. Evenings are cool, hoar is sensibly uncommon, and the least temperature for the month in the city being about 4 °C. Haze is remarkable. Downpour is higher in spring than in winter, falling on one twenty-four hours in two. There are yearss with j ust a little mizzle or a light shower yet substantial downpour falls on occasion.OctoberThe variable states of spring proceeds in October, there is more prominent difference between the radiator and colder yearss than in the originating before month. The maximal temperature surpasses 25 °C one time a hebdomad. In any case, it other than neglects to make 15 °C one time a hebdomad. There are a few shady to cloud yearss and numerous yearss are blowy. Most solid air flows are northwards and warm, yet there are once in a while solid cold sou'- west air flows passing on stormy conditions. Warm breezy conditions might be trailed by an abrupt modification to colder conditions with showers. Downpour falls on around one twenty-four hours in two, some of it heavy.NovemberMutable and blowy conditions proceeds in November. There is much of the time incredible complexity in the temperature from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. Warm to hot and lively yearss and cold and blustery yearss may follow each other in fast succession. There are other than some shady to cloud yearss. Evenings are ordinarily mellow. Numerous yearss are blowy. Most solid air flows are northwards and warm, all things considered cold showery conditions with solid southern air flows can occur. The month ‘s hottest twenty-four hours enrolls a maximal temperature of about 34 °C while the month ‘s coldest twenty-four hours encounters a maximal temperature of simply 16 °C. Some o

Essay --

Instruments For The Financial Manager Intel is one of the main organizations on the planet and among the top positioning organizations in the Fortune 500 of the world. It was a major bumble on their part yet now and again minor things are neglected and lead to greater expenses. Since the organization of the height of Intel can't bear to settle on its notoriety it chose to review all the abandoned motherboards and accordingly the weight on its salary explanation was extremely articulated because of the transportation and re-organizing costs. In spite of the fact that the organization is immense and reserves are gigantic however the catch was that a large portion of their assets were either dedicated somewhere else or they were running low on incomes and the senior money related administration had this Herculean errand of concocting the 725 million dollars so as to support this review. This game-plan was the call of great importance and was required to finish this shipment so as to def end the name of the organization and the enthusiasm of the investors. Because of the responsibility of the incomes somewhere else the organization should raise an extra entirety of 675 million dollars from different sources and the reason for this exploration is to discover the most appropriate and well-suited wellsprings of reserve thinking about the premiums of all the concerned gatherings. As the money related chief for the organization I might want to recommend that the ideal degrees of assets be raised from various sources, which would incorporate raising piece of it by means of value, through piece of records receivables, and some of it should financed inside. In spite of the fact that the organization of this height can manage the cost of getting from outer sources however why channel away the assets somewhere else when we can do something very similar inside. Essentially some portion of it should originate from o... ...inion the main alternatives accessible to us are to utilize a blend of these. We ought to consider the significant piece to originate from the general population as value while the fractional financing may originate from different resources just as from the exchanging resources. What makes a difference toward the day's end are that we can satisfy the name of the organization and convey what we so ardently guarantee to convey. The best way to recoup from the screw up made sooner or later in time is to recuperate the assets from the sources referenced before on and when the opportunity arrives to reimburse these duty with persistence. As an account chief I accept that these measures will empower us to cruise through this issue effortlessly and in the more drawn out run we will have the option to stand all the more firmly on the off chance that we decide to settle this issue inside instead of going to outside and presenting the organization to different types of dangers.

Criminal Law and Process

Question: David, a multi year old schizophrenic who was recommended medicine for his condition by his primary care physician, was hitched to Josephine for a time of two years. Inside the most recent 9 months David turned into a week by week gorge consumer and in his alcoholic state turned out to be exceptionally rough towards Josephine. On their wedding commemoration David had wanted to go through a tranquil night at home with Josephine and prepared an exceptional feast for the event. David had a couple of beverages while preparing the feast and hanging tight for Josephine. She showed up home around 2 hours late and the supper was demolished. David turned out to be exceptionally angry, neglected to take his drug and stood up to Josephine with regards to her delay. She worked up enough determination to disclose to David that she not, at this point adored him since he was a crazy person, that she had another darling, Len, who she had been seeing throughout the previous a half year and would leave David inside seven days. David flew into an anger and hit Josephine on the head and chest with a poker, murdering her. He is accused of the homicide of Josephine. Think about what protections, assuming any, might be accessible to David, clarifying in your answer the weights and norms of confirmation and the separate elements of the adjudicator and jury in managing the issues emerging for this situation. Answer: Brief Facts: David was a schizophrenic who was experiencing prescription for his condition. After his marriage, he had become a gorge consumer and turned out to be brutal towards Josephine. Upon the arrival of their wedding commemoration, he had arranged lunch, yet Josephine admitted her affections for Len that day. He was smashed on that day and angrily, he killed his better half. David is accused of the homicide of Josephine. Issue: In view of the realities expressed over, the inquiry that emerges here is whether David has any resistances accessible and the weight and standard of verification accessible. The job of judge and jury and their separate capacities for this situation. For this situation, the Department of Forensic Mental Health Professionals needs to direct a suitable test for setting up his insanity[1]. The declaration of the criminological office should be affirmed by the Jury. Be that as it may, the Jury can't demonstrate the informer's criminal duty. Similarly, the clinical specialists don't have the position to choose whether the litigant submitted the homicide or not. Applicable Rules and Procedures: In all wrongdoings, the safeguard of madness is accessible. As per area 2 of the Trial of Lunatics Act, 1883, the jury can pronounce the litigant to be crazy and pass an uncommon decision that not blameworthy in view of insanity[2]. This gave constant induction to tie down a spot some place to live in. A lifetime organization was conceded in situations where the Jury announces the respondent crazy. In all cases of homicide, the confinement is constantly declared at the circumspection of the Judge. This is expressed in Section 5 of the Criminal Procedure ( Insanity) Act, 1964. Notwithstanding different safeguards, the protection of madness is special and can be raised by the appointed authority and indictment. This is the most continuous safeguard that is accessible to the respondent who is liable of homicide. To stay away from the request of blame, they discover an answer in setting up madness. The barrier of craziness is the most widely recognized protection, and it has lost its significance in the ongoing occasions since capital punishment is abolished[3]. The resistance of madness can be benefited just at the accompanying three focuses: Craziness before assessment. Not fit to claim. Craziness when the offense was submitted. The Home Secretary has the power to capture the respondent on the off chance that he is crazy when the procedure was going to begin against him. The respondent can be kept and sent to the psychological emergency clinic. The guilty party's perspective requires an endorsement of in any event two clinical practitioners[4]. The Judge or the arraignment resistance can bring up issues identified with the unfitness to argue for the respondent. Segment four of the Criminal Procedure Act 1964 (Insanity), expresses that novel adjudicators are built up to choose whether the blamed isn't fit to argue or not. The choice of the Jury depends on the equalization of probabilities. In the event that any of the six things that occurred and that was not in the control of the appealing party, at that point the Jury can proclaim the litigant unfit to argue. The six probabilities are: Comprehension of the charges Settling on a choice whether to advance capable or not. Utilizing his capacity to challenge members of the jury. Teaching the guidance and specialists. Following the procedures of the course. Giving proof to his defense[5]. The subsequent Jury will build up the actus reus of the wrongdoing if the respondent is seen not as fit to argue. On the off chance that the litigant didn't relegate the actus reus, at that point that will be the finish of that issue, or on the off chance that the Jury is of the estimation that actus reus was perpetrated, at that point the Judge can make a request under Section 5 of the Criminal Procedural Act (Insanity) 1964. On account of R v. Pritchard[6], the respondent was deaf and quiet. The Jury held that since the litigant was almost totally senseless at the hour of arguing, along these lines, there are no methods for conveying the subtleties of the preliminary to the respondent. Thus, the Jury didn't hold him liable because of madness. The MNaghten Rules[7] are applied to situations where the topic of madness is to be resolved at the hour of the offense. It must be set up that the litigant was experiencing any of the accompanying ailments at the hour of the offense: A deformity in the intensity of understanding. The shortcoming ought to be caused because of the illness of the psyche. The deficiency ought to be of such nature that the litigant didn't have the foggiest idea what he was doing or in the event that he didn't realize that demonstration he submitted wasn't right. On account of R v. Burgess[8], the petitioner was accused of homicide since she crushed a container over a womans head and afterward hit her video recorder while she was dozing. She protected herself expressing that she was sleepwalking while she did this and couldn't remember any of the occasions the following morning. Her case was bolstered by clinical proof put together by the clinical division. Master Lane held that we acknowledge that rest is a typical condition, however the proof in the moment case demonstrates that sleepwalking, and especially viciousness in the rest, isn't normal[9]. Each blamed is dared to be rational by law and responsible for his activities except if the opposite is demonstrated. This implies the onus or the weight of confirmation lies on the litigant to demonstrate that he was not normal when he carried out the wrongdoing. In England, the parity of probabilities does the assurance whereby the litigant has the onus to demonstrate his craziness. The Human Rights Act of 1998 incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into English law. As indicated by the given area, each and every individual who is accused of the offense of homicide is attempted to be honest until demonstrated guilty[10]. The Criminal Procedure Act (Insanity) 1991 arrangements with the capacity of the jury about madness. Segment one of the Act has unequivocally expressed the obligations of the Jury, that a Jury will not restore an uncommon decision that the blamed isn't liable in light of the fact that for craziness. The law offers capacity to the Jury to choose where two clinical specialists are in struggle to decide madness of an individual. In this manner, the Jury has select power to choose a case than manages madness dependent on the realities and conditions of the case[11]. Application: In the given contextual investigation, David can likewise safeguard himself on the ground that he was crazy when he executed Josephine. As it was at that point expressed that David was a schizophrenic and was experiencing prescription for his condition, in this way, it will be simple for David to demonstrate that he was crazy and not in his control at the hour of killing his better half. The Jury will choose craziness of David. He will experience a clinical test to decide his degree of craziness. The Jury will have the sole duty to set up his madness. If there should be an occurrence of any contention, the Jury will practice his optional power and choose the issue dependent on the realities and conditions of Davids case. The Jury will decide Davids madness by applying the parity of probabilities investigation. When David killed his better half, he was smashed and that time he didn't have the ability to comprehend that what may be the likely result of his activity. He was not in a situation to choose whether he should concede or not. Moreover, he didn't have the force or the option to challenge the members of the jury. The weight of evidence lies in the hand of David. David has the onus of demonstrating that he is crazy. The general principle of law thinks about everybody guiltless and rational, so the weight of verification lies in the hand of David to confirmation that he is crazy. The Jury needs to practice his optional capacity to take choice and consider whether the resistances created by David are legitimate or not. End: The assurance dependent on madness is reprimanded on numerous elements. The primary explanation this faces reactions is clinical unimportance. As a rule of craziness, it was noticed that the specialists frequently depend on out of date strategies for deciding madness. They don't utilize dependable strategy for assurance of craziness. Different reasons why this test is reprimanded is a result of incapability and extent of the determination[12]. Reference List: Arnell P, Law Across Borders (Routledge 2012) Ashworth A, Zedner L and Tomlin P, Prevention And The Limits Of The Criminal Law (Oxford University Press 2013) Ashworth, Andrew, and Jeremy Horder.Principles of criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2013. Clark D, Comparative Law And Society (Edward Elgar 2012) Duff A, The Constitution Of The Criminal Law (Oxford University Press 2013) Corridor D, Criminal Law And Procedure (Delmar 2011) Herring, Jonathan.Criminal law: content, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. Mrazek, Patricia Beezley, and C. Henry Kempe, eds.Sexual

Improving our Ethical performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Improving our Ethical exhibition - Essay Example (Yearly report, 2004, swisslife) At the point when a huge retailer like TESCO is thought of, one can find that they made moral exchanging a vital almost they work together. They took care that the purchasers, specialized administrators and moral exchanging group to work with their providers to maintained work guidelines in the gracefully chain. The organization have built up a center in regards to Ethical issues. TESCO began actualizing moral issues in business and wound up in causing their staff to gain more while the offer market was jittering. This was made conceivable to make staff to spare while they procure. (Social obligation 2006). The organization began putting resources into Kenyan blossom gracefully base, South African wine delivering and Dominican banana creating. The interest in these regions has connected the productin with social obligation. Subsequently the expectations for everyday comforts of blossom, wine and banana makers in the previously mentioned zones were upgraded and brought about quality produce for the present and in future. (Social obligation 2006) At the point when we consider the imprints and Spencer's moral issues the correspondence, equity and decent variety pay and advantage, preparing and improvement, wellbeing, security and prosperity, business morals were considered in the moral practices. (2006, work place, Marks and Spencer) The correspondence between the administration, providers and the emp... result the expectations for everyday comforts of blossom, wine and banana makers in the previously mentioned zones were upgraded and brought about quality produce for the present and in future. (Social obligation 2006) At the point when we consider the imprints and Spencer's moral issues the correspondence, fairness and decent variety pay and advantage, preparing and advancement, wellbeing, security and prosperity, business morals were considered in the moral practices. (2006, work place, Marks and Spencer) The correspondence between the administration, providers and the representatives was very much kept up to share information that helps in the advancement of the business. By holding the socially and socially differing work power the organization is kept up uniformity and assorted variety in upkeep of the work power. The compensation and advantages for the workers were at the correct level and they are alluring for the individuals who need to go along with it. This caused the representatives to feel secure and work for the advancement of the business as the organization is keeping up ceaseless correspondence with the workers to be mindful. The organization dealt with preparing and advancement issues of the representatives, which caused them, to build up their abilities as indicated by the need of great importance. It is dealing with wellbeing and security and prosperity of their workers which makes the nonappearance because of disease rare. Alongside the organization the representativ es and providers are made to carry on and exchange morally while working for and exchanging with the organization. 2. Examination of TESCO and Marks and Spencer's At the point when we think about imprints and Spencer's in regards to their moral exchange rehearses the similitude lies in keeping up sincere relations with representatives and providers by conveying and dealing with them. The speaking with representatives is a distinction of imprints and Spencer's from that of

Strategic Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Key Intelligence - Essay Example Key insight alludes to all procedures including the assortment, handling, dissecting and proliferation of knowledge, which is fundamental in framing military plans and strategies at both worldwide and national level. A trustworthy key insight has the possibilities to foreknowledge, visioning, inspiration, joining of different frameworks to cooperate for a typical reason and the capacity to accomplice and structure key coalitions. Vital knowledge targets gathering a wide scope of information for organizations and militaries with the point of aiding in a specific crusades, for example, military wars. It serves the reason for the drawn out arranging and the executives of different assets. Insight administrations, for example, Central knowledge Agency of US, mystery Intelligence are a portion of the insight benefits that are very much evolved. Vital knowledge goes back to the US government during the virus war. General George Washington was an energetic client of insight as he utilized k nowledge to keep an eye on British powers in Boston. This aided in the avoidance of the British at Valley Forge during the mainland armed force (Michael, 2001). In the US, the insight network made out of the National security Agency, the CIA, and the Defense Intelligence Agency, is answerable for gathering data, asses the exactness of this data, characterize the dependability of the data, and spread the data to chiefs. These leaders utilize the data from insight organization and use it to settle on reasonable choice and disperse it to the president and the senate where they utilize a similar data to make arrangements overseeing the nation. This data incorporates that of atomic investigations and the security of the nation and data concerning dangers to the nation. This knowledge offices work with the endorsement of the president and their job is to give data that will be utilized by the president and the senate to make feasible

The Spanish Civil War Was The Inevitable Climax Of Problems That Had

The Spanish Civil War Was The Inevitable Climax Of Problems That Had The Spanish Civil War Was The Inevitable Climax Of Problems That Had Become Historically Inherent To â€" Essay Example > The Spanish Civil War refers to the war of 1936-9. This was in fact the fourth such conflict on Spanish soil since the 1830s. The Spanish Civil War pitted ‘regionalists against centralists, anti-clericals against Catholics, landless laborers against latifundistas, workers against industrialists. ’ (Preston. 1986, p. 9) Amid all this conflict one thing was abundantly clear, all of these conflicting groups ‘have in common the struggles of a society in the throes of modernization. ’ (Preston. 1986, p. 9) In the preceding years and the years that followed there was a general disconnect between societal realities and the political authorities governing society. Going back as far as 1808 Spain suffered a series of struggles perpetuated by those who sought reform and those who resisted it. The ruling classes were loathe to subscribe to reform that threatened to redistribute the country’s wealth for fear of losing their economic and political powers. Invariably power and wealth were divided among the ‘monarchy, the landed nobility and the Church. ’ (Preston. 1986, p. 10) This balance of power maintained its dominance until well into the twentieth century. The war of 1936-9 involved almost entirely every political position in Spain at the time and encompassed every social movement. There were primarily two opposing sides to the conflict with the Nationalist on one side and the Republicans on the other. The Nationalist were primarily comprised of Carlists and Legitimist monarchists, Spanish nationalists, fascists of the Falange, Catholics, as well as a cadre of conservatives and monarchist liberals. The Republicans found support from the Basque and Catalan nationalists, socialists, communist, s liberals and anarchists. (Esenwein. 1995 p. 6)Looked at another way, the Nationalists attracted a large number of the Catholics and those associated with the Catholic Church in one way or another. The Nationalists also seemed to secure the support of prominent f actions of the army, a majority of the large landowners, and quite a large number of businessmen as well. Meanwhile, an overwhelming number of urban workers, especially peasants and middle classes generally gravitated toward the Republicans. General Jose Sanjurjo, a monarchist is credited with the distinction of holding the position of the figurehead of the conflict. Working at his side as the primary planner of the conflict and second-in-command was Emilio MolaThe Nationalists had several goals entering the conflict, but one of their more essential goals was to eradicate anticlericalism driven Republican faction. Hand in hand with this goal was the desire to defend the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church had suffered censorship as a result of its unfailing support of the Spanish monarchy. This pro-monarchy stance taken by the Roman Catholic Church offended the Republican followers who saw this alignment as the direct cause of Spain’s social struggles. The 1936 start ed out as a series of acts of arson committed against religious buildings and monuments. Not surprisingly, the Republican authorities either refused or failed to take active steps to prevent the acts of arson. These acts formed part of what was regarded as a social revolution. In furtherance of this so-called social revolution, religious buildings that were spared acts of arson were turned into ‘Houses of the People’. (Esenwein. 1995 p. 35) Acting in harmony with their social beliefs Republican led massacres were primarily against members of the Catholic Clergy.

Animal Experimentation Is Vital - Free Essay Example

Whats the Price Animal rights is based on the belief that non-human animals have rights similar and equal to humans. However testing is clearly split down the middle. Today animals are used in the development of all kinds of things, such as medical research by the use of animal experimentation. Animal testing provides some people with hope for potential cures for viruses but testing on live animals is not necessary. Today, advanced technology takes care of that for us. By using models, we can replicate things that animals cant. You may ask yourself so whats the big problem? Well the problem is these animals are cruelly mistreated and most likely will lead to death. These animals are born with defects and experimented on. Animal testing should be banned because its cruel, unnecessary and not effective. Animal testing is not only down right wrong, its also unjust in todays society. Animal experimentation is vital to the development and the future of the human race. Scientists believe that animal research saves thousands of lives worldwide and is reasonably safe. Scientists rely on animal models to learn how diseases process and work on developing potential treatments. Animal experimentation is saving the lives of people who had little hope for survival and without recent developments these cures would not be possible. In order for scientists to look for cures, they have to use animals as test patients to see how a disease continually progresses in a living body (Trull 2). Scientists cant just have any species. They have to have species that is close to a humans genome, such as mice or even primates. Mice are particularly known as the most common model for disease research. Infact, mice share over 92% genetic similarity to us humans (Trull 2). Over the past century, animal research has proved to be vital to stamp out several major epidemics of infectious disease. Most notable is the cure of smallpox. By testing on cows, scientists were able to develop a vaccination for the disease. Also, decades of long research with monkeys, dogs, and mice gave us a cure to get rid of polio. These non-human primates have also contributed to the research and the development of drugs that fight cancer, malaria, HIV/Aids and many more diseases (Animal Testing 1). Research and experimentation has allowed us to increase the U.S. survival rate of cancer by more than 60% between 2001-2007. (Trull 1). All because of animal experimentation, those numbers were possible. Also, more recently, animal research has helped stop potential international threats, such as Avian Flu and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or also known as SARS (Animal Testing 2). Animal Research has helped researchers better understand these diseases and how they spread. As a result, we can contain and avert these global pandemics. Recently, the polio virus is another example of how valuable animals are to us. An anti- Ebola serum has showed remarkable success when tested in Rhesus monkeys. Since then, the serum has been credited with saving the lives of two Americans infected with the virus (?Trull 2). The serum is so successful that the FDA has offered 42 million to the company, who developed the treatment known as, ZMapp. Furthermore just last September, a Japanese women became the first person to undergo experimental stem-cell treatment for blindness (Trull 3). Animal research has allowed us to get that much closer in restoring vision. While this research is helpful to humans, its also helpful to other animals. Wild primates are also susceptible to Ebola especially gorillas. They are so susceptible, they have a mortality rate of 95% when affected with the disease (Trull 2). One-third of the worlds primates have been killed off in the past few decades in Central Africa. A cure would save the lives of animals and humans. The greatest medical contribution may still lie in the future but its going to be tackled because of animal experimentation and research. Animals have a lot more in common with us humans than you may think. Recent breakthroughs in technology, show we have a better understanding of how animals feel pain and suffering just like we do. Some animals like primates are not only biologically similar with humans, but they are also similar in neurologically. What most people dont see is that these animals have mental lives comparable to ours. The animals can not only feel sensitivities, but they can also feel pain and deprivation (Jeory 2). We as humans definitely differ in our physical appearance, but we have a lot more in common with them then appearance. Animals in labs are cruelly mistreated and are intentionally injured for various of reasons. Lab animals on a daily basis are intentionally infected with diseases, force fed chemicals, blinded burned, mutilated, and left to suffer without veterinary care for treatment (Moore 1). How cruel is that! Imagine you and your family being put in small cages and treated inhumanly. No one could imagine that happening to them and their families so why do we think its ok to do these actions against living animals. We may have to test on the experimenters to get them to see the point that its not ok. Test against humans would not only affect us physically, but mentally as well and thats what we are doing to animals. According to Dr. Jane Goodall, a famous primatologist and peace keeper, animal testing is inhumane and morally wrong (Moore 2). She said, I and my team have studied chimpanzees, our closest living relative for over 50 years. I can state categorically that they have a similar capacity for suffering, both mental and physical, and show similar emotions to ours. She also said, theres no doubt other animals that they have studied can not feel fear, depression, anxiety frustration and so on. To put them into cases in labs are also morally wrong in her opinion. Coming from a women that has physically interacted and studied animals for over 50 years has to know whats shes talking about. Her entire life is dedicated to these animals who have no voice. Experimentation is not only morally wrong but its painful to all animals affected. We need to come together as a world and end testing for once and for all. Change is upon us and we can go away from these actions by recent technology, but for some reason were not. Animal experimentation is wrong especially when you know that we dont have to do it in todays society. Today, we can now replicate human organs on microchips to test the potential impacts of drugs, diseases, and more. Not only can we replicate organs, but we can also simulate diseases progressing in the human body by using computer modeling (Moore 3). Modeling accurately predicts the ways in which the new drugs will react in the human body. Also brain-imaging techniques allow the human brain to be studied safely in very effective methods. We now have the capabilities to study the human brain all the way down to a single neuron. Thats incredible! (Jeory 3). Technology can replace the use of animals in exploratory research and many standard drug tests. During experiments, animals are intentionally brain damaged and with this technology, we can replace their crude behavior. We should continue to develop even more advanced alternatives so maybe scientists can see that technology is better than actual testing and it has more capabilities than animals would give us. Finally, animal experimentation is bad science and time and time again experiments show high failure rates. Not only does animal experiments waste the lives of animals, but it also wastes human lives. Numerous of methodical reviews have even documented the enormous failure rates of experiments on animals to benefit humans in the areas of neurodegenerative disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and many more areas (Gluck 4). Nine out of ten experimental drugs that pass animal studies, fail in humans and thats why you see loss of human life. The few drugs that are even re-labeled or pulled from the store shelves have already put their effects on humans that purchased them. Many people get sick or die before there is ever a chance to fix it. Decades of HIV and Aids experiments have failed to produce effective vaccines for humans even though at least 85 were successful in primate studies. Even John Loannidis, Professor of Medicine and Health Research at Stanford University says, its impossible to rely on animal data to predict the benefit and risk ratio in human subjects. Animal experimentation is an easy change but theres one issue with the change and thats money. At the end of the day, corporations and universities are not making changes because current advanced technology cost more money than testing on animals. As you can see, animal testing is very twisted and cruel. Depending on what side you are on, you may not see it that way. People believe animal testing is a necessity in todays society but its not. Through my research, I discovered there are many different solutions but to end testing, both sides are going to have to come together to make compromises to make difference in the world.

Best Practices for Subjective Test Questions

Students will often find that tests become more challenging when they advance from one grade to the next, and sometimes when they move from one teacher to another. This sometimes happens because the test questions they encounter move from objective-type questions to subjective-type questions. What Is a Subjective Question? Subjective questions are questions that require answers in the form of explanations. Subjective questions include essay questions, short answer, definitions, scenario questions, and opinion questions. What Does Subjective Mean? If you look up the definition of subjective, you will see things like this: based on opinioninvolves personal feelingsdependent on conditions of the mindnonspecific Clearly, when you approach a test with subjective test questions, you should prepare to pull from the class readings and lectures for answers, but you will also use your mind and your feelings to make logical claims. You’ll have to provide examples and evidence, as well as justification for any opinions you express. Why Do Instructors Use Subjective Test Questions? When an instructor uses subjective questions on an exam, you can believe he or she has a specific reason for doing so, and that reason is to see if you really have a deep understanding of a subject. Why can you believe this with such certainty? Because grading subjective answers is harder than answering them! By creating a test with subjective questions, your teacher is setting himself/herself up for hours of grading. Think about it: if your government teacher asks three short answer questions, you have to write three paragraphs or so worth of answers. But if that teacher has 30 students, that’s 90 answers to read. And this isn’t easy reading: when teachers read your subjective answers, they have to think about them in order to evaluate them. Subjective questions create an enormous amount of work for teachers. Teachers who ask subjective questions must care about whether you are gaining a deep understanding. They want to see evidence that you understand concepts behind the facts, so you must demonstrate in your answers that you can discuss the subject matter with a well-constructed argument. Otherwise, your answers are bad answers. What Is a Bad Answer to a Subjective Question? Sometimes students are baffled when they gaze over a graded essay exam to see red marks and low scores. The confusion comes when students list relevant terms or events but fail to recognize and respond to instructional words like argue, explain, and discuss. For example, in answering the prompt â€Å"Discuss the events that led to the American Civil War,† a student might provide many full sentences that list the following: AbolitionismEnd of the Mexican-American WarFugitive Slave Act of 1850 While those events ultimately belong in your answer, it would not be sufficient for you to merely list them in sentence form. You would probably receive partial points for this answer. Instead, you must provide several sentences about each of these topics to demonstrate that you understand the historical impact of each, and explain how each event pushed the nation one step closer to war. How Do I Study for a Subjective Test? You can prepare for a test with subjective questions by creating your own practice essay tests. Use the following process: Look at headings and subheadings in your text or your notes to observe themes.Formulate your own practice essay questions (at least three) based on these themes.Write full essay answers to each question, incorporating all the important terms and dates.Practice each essay a few times until you can write it out without looking at notes. If you prepare in this way, you will be ready for all types of subjective questions.

SCHAFER Surname Meaning and Family History

The Schà ¤fer surname and its variations such as Schaefer come from the Middle High German schà ¦fà ¦re, meaning shepherd, a derivative of schaf, meaning sheep.  See SCHAFFER for another possible origin. Schà ¤fer / Schaefer  is the 11th most common German surname. Surname Origin: German, Jewish Alternate Surname Spellings:  SCHAEFER, SCHAF, SCHAAP, SCHAEFFER, SHAVER, SCHEFFER, SCHAFFER Famous People With the SCHAFER  / SCHAEFER Surname Arnold  Schà ¤fer  - German historianWill Schaefer  - American composerPierre Schaeffer -  French composer, writer, broadcaster, and engineerEdward Albert Sharpey-Shafer (born  Edward Albert Schà ¤fer) - English physiologistTim Shafer - American computer game designer Where Is the SCHÄFER Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, the  Schà ¤fer surname is most common in Germany, ranking as the countrys 72nd most common surname. The alternate spelling of Shaefer is even more common, coming in at 57th.  WorldNames PublicProfiler, which combines data on the surname under the Shaefer spelling (the  Ãƒ ¤ umlaut converts to ae),  indicates the surname is very prevalent throughout Germany, especially the southern half of the country in states such as Hessen,  Saarland, Rheinland-Pfalz, Baden Wà ¼rttemberg and  Nordrhein-Westfalen. Surname maps from Verwandt.de indicate the  Schà ¤fer last name is most common in western Germany, especially in the counties or cities of Berlin, Lahn-Dill-Kreis,  Kà ¶ln,  Gießen,  Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Main-Kinzig-Kreis, Mayen-Koblenz, Frankfurt am Main and Wetteraukreis. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SCHÄFER Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Schafer  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Schafer  family crest or coat of arms for the Schaefer surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Schaffer  DNA  Surname ProjectIndividuals with the Schaffer  surname, and variations such as Schaefer, Schaeffer, Schafer, Schaffler, Shafer, Shaffer, Shaver and Sheaffer, are invited to participate in this group DNA project in an attempt to learn more about Schaffer family origins. The website includes information on the project, the research done to date, and instructions on how to participate. SCHAFER  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Schafer  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - SCHAFER  GenealogyExplore over 3.7  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Schafer surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SCHAFER  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Schafer  surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - SCHAFER  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Schafer. GeneaNet - Schafer  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Schafer  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Schafer  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Schafer  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Horrors of Animal Euthanasia Essay - 1429 Words

The Horrors of Animal Euthanasia Due to the domestication of cats and dogs their populations have skyrocketed. This is due in part to the lack of pet owners acting in a responsible manner. These responsibilities include the spaying and neutering of pets. These numbers of homeless animals in communities have caused humane societies to euthanize too many animals. This, I feel is a violation to animal rights and is a cruel way for these animals to have to leave this world. I disagree with the activists who believe that the way to keep animal populations down is to euthanize these poor animals. Nothing good could come from the slaughtering of these animals. Fostering large numbers of animals in communities is an overwhelming†¦show more content†¦As they take the dog on a leash down to the E-room, it wags its tail and trembles in fear. Its excited for the attention, but at the same time is in fear of what hes being led to. All the dogs stop barking as they lead him down the isle. They know whats going on. One of their fellow friends is going to die, and they may be next. They place the dog on an old blanket on the concrete floor and shave off a patch of fur on his leg. The dog starts to tremble more. A tourniquet is wrapped slowly around his leg and a syringe of cool blue liquid death enters his body making his eyelids grow heavy and eventually falling limp in the arms of the employee. His heartbeat slowly dissapates and then stops. This, unfortunately, is a regular occurence in animal shelters today. Some proponents for euthinization in animal shelters believe that giving them a dignified painless death is a lot better than leaving them out to die on the streets. Also they feel that allowing a dog or cat to be subjected to abuse and neglect is inhumane and worse than death. ( Mountain, p.2 ). I totally agree with them, but resorting to euthinization is not the only solution. We should look to the pet owners and the people of our society for the solutions. Animal shelters should have campaigns to help promote the adoption of animals in their shelter. Reach out to the people of society and let them know what kind of influence a pet can bring into their life. We shouldnt give up on theseShow MoreRelatedShould Euthanasia Be Legalized? Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å" To insist on artificially maintaining existence without regard for its condition is a degradation of the meaning of life, not a promotion of it (Cockeram 33) .† Many adults perceive euthanasia as a murderous act that involves cruel and unusual pain; when in fact, it is usually a method that helps the individual reach their demise in a less miserable manor. Immigrants to the United States are inclined to become a citizen, not for the beautiful geography, but because the U.S. is one of the few countriesRead MoreThe Bad Of Puppy Mills1199 Words   |  5 Pagesmills are harmful to animals and they should be shut down/made illegal. Dogs in puppy mills are brutally abused and killed and they have no ability to defend themselves. In a report filed by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) it says that female dogs are bred twice a year and when they can no longer produce puppies they are left to die or to be killed (PETA 1). Also, puppy mill workers don t care about the animals as described in an article written by the Animal Rescue Corps (ARC)Read MoreAnimal Slaughtering Is The Killing Of Animals1255 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal slaughtering is the killing of animals; most of them domestic, and mainly for the purpose of human consumption. Many different types of animal slaughtering methods have been created such as; carbon dioxide, inert gas hypoxia, captive bolt pistol, gunshot, exsanguination, and many other that are not regulated. Such varying methods have evolved since the beginning of times, but with the increasing rates of the human population a faster way of slaughtering needed to be create d in order to keepRead MoreEuthanasi A Debate Of Morals, Ethics And The Value Of Human Life2388 Words   |  10 Pages Euthanasia has been a long emotional and tedious debate stemming as far back as ancient Roman and Greek times and is highly controversial still to this day. Some even reference Hippocrates the father of Western medicine and his Hippocratic Oath as a means of being against legalizing euthanasia in every state. Euthanasia is a debate of morals, ethics and the value of human life. Those against euthanasia focus on the word killing, but it is the person doing it to themselves and not someoneRead MoreWithin the Holocaust1193 Words   |  5 Pagesminds for eternity; the Holocaust affected many people, including the Jewish, the mentally challenged, homosexuals and, prisoners of war (POW). There are several accounts from survivors of the Holocaust, but many, people were not as fortunate. The horrors from this event were hidden. Yet children like Anne Frank, were terribly affected. The holocaust has affected millions of people and their story should be known. The Jewish people were not the only target of the Nazis, the concept of killing theRead MoreTo the Mercy Killers Analysis1359 Words   |  6 PagesDudley Randall’s poem To the Mercy Killers tackles one of the most controversial issues in America today: euthanasia. No other issue has divided and caused much division and divergence in thought and views in this county as mercy killing and has through the years along with abortion become the defining topic of politics in America. Mercy killing and in fact the very question of what defines life has becoming a moral dilemma and a divisive factor in our society. Dudley Randall’s To the Mercy KillersRead MoreThe Nazi Regime During Hitler s Reign1759 Words   |  8 PagesShepherds on him: the guard dogs first bit into his groin and thighs, then devoured him right in front of us. His shrieks of pain were distorted and amplified by the pail in which his head was trapped. My rigid body reeled, my eyes gaped at so much horror, te ars poured down my cheeks, I fervently prayed that he would black out quickly† . Therefore, from this excerpt it is shown how Homosexuals were treated viciously by getting eaten and torn up by dogs in front of a crowd; this in particular is a distinctiveRead More Utilitarianism Essay example3165 Words   |  13 Pagesthose that still have a hope of a cure. When a life is lost it does not only affect the person that has passed, it affects those who remain behind. Suicide by conventional mean can lead the survivors of the suicide lost in the trauma and in some cases horror of details of a person that did not have the option of taking their own life in a peaceful and dignified way. It is easy to see that the results far out weight he taboo of physician assisted suicide for those who have not other hope of a cure. Read More Arguments of Christopher Browning versus Daniel John Goldhagen Regarding The German View of the Holocaust2646 Words   |  11 Pagesknowledge that the largest group of people to suffer in the Holocaust was the Jews, but what about other victims? In Goldhagens novel the explanation of the protests against the Euthanasia program are clearly described as Germans upset only because these victims were Germans but deemed Life unworthy of life. The Euthanasia program saw German physicians take the lives of more than seventy thousand people. Here Goldhagen has a very valid point but it does not convince me that the Germans have aRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s The Loss Of Their Dream 1795 Words   |  8 PagesHuffington Post titled â€Å"I m Not a Tart: The Feminist Subtext of Steinbeck s Of Mice and Men.† Leighton Meester played the role of Curley’s wife and wrote this article on her perspective of this character. She writes, â€Å"Curley s wife is compared to an an imal in an effort to reduce and humiliate her. She is†¦described as a bitch who just ‘slang nine pups.’ ‘She d be better off dead,’ and that attitude is undoubtedly mirrored toward the lone woman. But when the dog gets led off to be shot, protests can

Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire Race, Sex, Science, and...

Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico In Reproducing Empire, Laura Briggs provides her readers with a very thorough history of the mainland U.S. and Puerto Rican discourses and its authors surrounding Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans, from Puerto Ricos formation in the mainland elites mind as a model U.S. (not) colony in 1898* to its present status as semi-autonomous U.S. territory. Briggs opens her book by discussing the origins of globalization in U.S. and western European colonialism, and closes with a review of her methods, in which she calls for a new focus on subaltern studies, including a (re)focus on the authors of information (who she claims as the subjects of this†¦show more content†¦The stories she reports and critiques are characterized by 1) a fundamental circumvention of agency for the appropriated test subjects--primarily, working class Puerto Rican women and the placing of all blame for social problems upon them; 2) though she doesnt name it as such, a historical employment of misconceptions of genetics and hereditary in exerting control over colonized subjects, the poor, and womens reproductive and sexual histories**; all of this located in a transition away from frank colonialism (198). This is also a story of the displacement of poverty caused by colonialism onto disease, difference, over-population, and the need for public health regulation from the mainland U.S among others Briggs historiography of the enslavement of working class Puerto Rican women to experimentation intersects with and was part of the formation of racialized ideologies of disease, which were used to construct the racial, social and political difference between Puerto Ricans and white Americans and to control Puerto Rican working class women, in a context of explaining away U.S exploitation of the island and constructing Puerto Rico as the reason why the U.S. is a benevolent international force.*** In the 19th century, this was discussed primarily in relation to Puerto Rican sex workers, in the 20th century it focused on reproductive control. In the 19th century,

Submit a Draft of your Definition of Character Free Essays

MORALS Morals are ethics, codes, values, principles and custom of a person or society. It is the study of human behavior about what is wrong or right, good or bad. Morals are the values which establish the standard of every individual towards the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Submit a Draft of your Definition of Character or any similar topic only for you Order Now It helps the person to develop sense of loyalty towards his responsibilities and duties. It is key to distinguish wrong person from right on the basis of behavior to others and society. They are the ideals of the person which are followed by them in their life. Some of examples of morals â€Å"are not to cheat others for illegal purpose†, â€Å"always respect elders† and â€Å"not be cruel to animals†. ETHICS: It is that branch of philosophy that is concerned with evaluation of human behavior. It is the quality or state of being of sound moral principle such as uprightness, honesty and sincerity. Ethics in general means behavior which indicates right or wrong behavior of person. It is bunch of moral values and fundamental principles which determines moral duties and obligation. Ethics is the study and judgment of good or bad, right or wrong etc. It determines such professional standards, commitment and fairness towards their profession or general public. It is the standard of conduct by which individual guides his own actions and judges that of others. Ethics is also used in determining public policy. For e. g. â€Å"Is getting an abortion immoral? †, â€Å"What are human rights, how do we determine them? † and â€Å"Do animals have rights as well? † INTEGRITY: Integrity refers to quality of person’s character. Integrity is a matter of persons integrating various parts of their personality into a harmonious, intact whole. Integrity helps the persons to draw line between his orders of preference. For example â€Å"An intelligent person spent his limited money on the most desired need and than on other need†. The person of sound mind, sincerity and trustworthiness can make such intelligent decisions. The person with integrity earns more respect in respect to others as they are more effective leaders. Therefore, the people who lead their life with integrity receive more success. REFERENCE Referred to sites:- 1. http://www. google. com/search? hl=enrlz=1T4GGLR_enIN237IN238defl=enq=define:moralssa=Xoi=glossary_definitionct=title Definitions of morals on the Web: 2. http://www. google. com/search? hl=enrlz=1T4GGLR_enIN237IN238defl=enq=define:ethicssa=Xoi=glossary_definitionct=title Definitions of ethics on the Web: 3. http://www. google. com/search? hl=enrlz=1T4GGLR_enIN237IN238defl=enq=define:integritysa=Xoi=glossary_definitionct=title Definitions of integrity on the Web: Dated 31st August 2007 How to cite Submit a Draft of your Definition of Character, Papers

Construction Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about the Construction Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Answer: Introduction: The Capital Maintenance Doctrine is said to be a tool that companies use to retain its capital. It is stipulated in the company law that every firm must hold a certain amount of capital so that when debts arise, the company can resort to its capital to settle them. Normally, the companies obtain loans from creditors such as banks and other financial institutions. Given the critical role that these entities play, they must be given priority in such incidences of uncertainty. The Capital Maintenance Doctrine therefore was created to cater for the interests of the institutions as well as to maintain the welfare of the companies. The doctrine can be discussed from two perspectives as it has been seen in the above sentiments. One of them is the creditors demands and secondly is the manner in which the company property can be dissipated in the event that a conflict has come up. To enforce this doctrine, the courts have been given the mandate to provide an interface between the companies and the funding agencies. The judicial interpretations are vital in that the creditors would receive their compensation from the existing company capital. For this reason, the directors of companies are advised to pay their shareholders from the investment returns and not the company capital. Jessel M. R. in Flitcrofts Case contends that there have been cases across the world whereby companies have been taken to account for repossessing shares from the shareholders. In one of the suits filed by a shareholder, the courts ruled that the company taking back its shares must compensate that shareholder even more because it was not advisable for the company to do so. Such action would reduce the capital which would further compromise the position of the creditors. the decision by the court also indicated that a company can only take back its shares when it has made the decision to wind up, and in this case the funding agencies are always given priority. The Capital Maintenance Doctrine has been adopted across the whole world but countries such as Australia have a different perspective of the same. The regulatory agencies have no strict measures regarding the amount of capital that a company should retain. The law society of Australia has developed argumentative propositions to determine whether capital retention is essential in any economy. Instead they contend that crucial matters should first of all be addressed before putting in place such a doctrine. Some of the pertinent issues to be examined first include the solvency of the company and the material factors that constitute a company. Therefore, Australia is a liberal economy which has given a free hand to the companies to operate at their own disposals. However, one would opine that the government should consider adopting the doctrine and its ideologies because Australia is a large investment hub that hosts many people from other countries. Other investors who wish to do business in the country have a desire that they get protection from the doctrine. The country must design a policy that will incorporate the Capital Maintenance Doctrine for the sake of investors. Bibliography McChesney W.A (2012). The New Generation of Risk Management for Hedge Funds and Private Equity Investments. Cengage Learning. Boston, Massachusetts Monk, E.W. (2009). Monopoly-Finance Capital and the Paradox of Accumulation. John Wiley and Sons Ranganathan, C.I. (2013). Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Cambridge University Press, New York Spillane, J.B. (2010). Forms of Capital and the Construction of Leadership. European Operational Research Jessel M. R. in Flitcrofts Case (1882) 21 Ch. D. 519. Shashi Bala v. CIT, (1964) 34 Com Cases 985 (Guj).

I Do or Please Dont Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages Essay Example For Students

I Do or Please Dont: Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages Essay I Do or Please Dont: Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages I Do or Please Dont: Hawaiis Same Sex Marriages With the recent decision by the Hawaii courts regarding the legalization of marriage between same-sex couples, a political debate across the United States has begun. Many people believe that this is a monstrous step to legalizing same-sex unions country wide, especially since legal tradition recognizes marriages performed in other states as binding within every other state, but also because Hawaii is known for its liberal, ground-breaking first steps that the other states often follow the model of. If the states have any will, however, they will not fold to the pressure put on them by this state and the gay rights groups, they will continue to not recognize a man and man or a woman and woman as a man and wife. What is marriage anyway? Isnt it the union of two people who love each other to prove their commitments to one another for the future? Yes, but there is more. Websters Dictionary defines marriage as: a) the state of being joined together as husband and wife, b) the state of joining a man to a woman as her husband or a woman to a man as his wife. Legally, however, marriage is more than just a statement of love. Marriage comes with economic and legal benefits that one cannot receive alone. For example, joint parental custody, insurance and health benefits, the ability to file joint tax returns, alimony and child support, and inheritance of property and visitation of a partner or a child in the hospital. In fact, the Hawaii Commission on Sexual Orientation itself concluded that denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples deprived applicants of these legal and economic benefits. So, are homosexuals fighting for the right of marriage to state their love as the gay rights groups suggest or are they pushing for the right of marriage because of the many benefits that come with it? The answer is obvious they are fighting for the benefits that come along with marriage. If they were fighting for love, then where would we stop these feelings? If homosexuals were allowed to marry because they love each other and they consent, then couldnt a pedophile marry a younger child as long as both parties fully consented? If homosexuals were allowed to marry because they love each other, then couldnt one man marry many wives because he loved each one and they each loved him? If homosexuals were allowed to marry because they love each other, then couldnt a son and his mother, or even a brother and a brother, marry because they love each other? As one member of the Episcopal Laity Group said, a line must be drawn and it must never be crossed. Marriage is for a man and a woman, and thats the way marriage will always be. The gay rights activists claim that this denial of love, in the form of marriage, is a form of discrimination. These gay rights activists claim that this denial of love is similar to when slavery was being defended, womens voting rights were being denied, or even more specifically and more related, the anti-miscegenation laws of a few decades back. This is clearly an attempt at tugging at the nations heart chords by comparing the struggle for same-sex unions to several notable, if not the most notable, equality struggles in the history of the United States. The comparison to the defense of slavery or the denial of womens voting rights by gay rights groups is simply unfounded. Homosexuality has never been considered morally good, and it is a tremendous jump from saying that black-skinned people should work for white-skinned people just because of skin color or women cant vote just because of sex to saying that homosexuals cant marry just because of their sexual habits. Catcher in the rye and for esm EssayIf anything, homosexuality is comparable to smokers, compulsive gamblers,pornography fanatics, sex addicts, and pedophiles because these are all peoplewhose traits (whether inborn or not) directly effect society. This alsodirectly relates to interracial marriages because a persons skin color does notproduce a certain effect on conduct or character. If polled at the time of therespective movement (anti-slavery, womens rights, or interracial marriages), amajority of the United States population would have supported the movements(population includes those who are directly involved), but in the United Statestoday, over 2/3rds of the population are against same-sex marriage (according tonational polls run by Newsweek and CNN). On top of that, along with marriagegoes the assumption of sexual activity. The sexual activity of one homosexualwith another (sodomy) is illegal in many states and allowing gays to marry wouldbe turning a head to this illegal ac t. Whether sodomy is illegal or not, it is still practiced, claim the gayrights activists. While this is concedable, they also say that monogamousrelationships are safer in the homosexual community than polygamousrelationships. This is one of those statements that sounds good, because it istrue in the heterosexual community, but the facts prove otherwise, because thehomosexual community is not the heterosexual community. The general feelingamong gay rights activists is that with the threat of AIDS and other diseasesamong promiscuous, homosexual men, it is a societal good to encouragehomosexual monogamy. However, in cities where homosexual monogamy is alreadybeing encouraged, AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases are actuallysoaring! (Survey from the Centers of Disease Control report by Associated Press,HIV Found in 7 Percent Gay Young Men: Education Fails to halt Spread, TheWashington Times, February 11, 1996, p A-3; Michael Warner, Why Gay Men AreHaving Risky Sex, Village Voice, New York, January 31, 1995, Vol. XL., No. 5)AIDS is most likely transmitted in unsafe sex acts, and an English studyrecently published that the most unsafe sex acts occur in homosexual steadyrelationships. Men in steady relationships practiced more anal intercourse andoral-anal intercourse than those without a steady partner. Said one formerhomosexual, William Aaron, in the gay life, fidelity is almost impossible. . . the gay man must be constantly on the lookout for new partners . . . the mosthomophile marriages are those where there is an arrangement between the two tohave affairs on the side . . . (OUT Magazine) So, the myth that homosexualmarriage will decrease the number of gay AIDS patients because of lesspromiscuity is completely unfounded. The myth by these gay rights activistsshow how common sense in the heterosexual community must not be applied ascommon sense in the homosexual community, and vice versa, because they are twodifferent communities. In fact, the gay rights activists use of this mythsimply shows how they want to play on the heterosexual communitys fear of AIDSin order to gain something advantageous for themselves. The fear of AIDS, discrimination, and denial of love are all tacticsused by those in support of same-sex unions, but clearly all of them areineffective arguments when examined. In it painfully obvious that the onlyadvantage to same-sex unions for homosexuals is the legal and economic benefits,but it is at this point that the homosexuals are receiving favoritism ratherthan equality. When two people are allowed to marry just because of legal andeconomic reasons, regardless of whether or not they are marrying in thetraditional sense, it is clearing being discriminatory against those in theheterosexual community who are marrying for love. It is giving gays anadvantage rather than equality. Homosexual unions should not be allowed in theUnited States, and as a representative of St. Athanasius Roman Catholic Churchsaid, marriage is a privilege not a right.INTERVIEWEESEpiscopal Laity Group, 1-800-307-7609 St. Anthanasius Roman Catholic Church,703-759-4555

10 Facts About Africa

10 Facts About Africa Africa is an amazing continent. From its start as the heart of humanity, it is now home to more than a billion people. It has jungles and desert and even a glacier. It extends into all four hemispheres. It is a place of superlatives. Find out more from these 10 essential facts about the continent: 1) The East African Rift zone, which divides the Somalian and Nubian tectonic plates, is the location of several important discoveries of human ancestors by anthropologists. The active spreading rift valley is thought to be the heartland of humanity, where much human evolution likely took place millions of years ago. The discovery of the partial skeleton of Lucy in 1974 in Ethiopia sparked major research in the region. 2) If you divide the planet into seven continents, then Africa is the worlds second largest continent, covering about 11,677,239 square miles (30,244,049 square km). 3) Africa is located to the south of Europe and southwest of Asia. It is connected to Asia via the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt. The peninsula itself is usually considered part of Asia, with the Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez as the dividing line between Asia and Africa. African countries are usually divided into two world regions. The countries of northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, are usually considered part of a region called North Africa and the Middle East, while countries south of the northernmost countries of Africa are usually considered part of the region called Sub-Saharan Africa. In the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of western Africa lies the intersection of the equator and the Prime Meridian. As the Prime Meridian is an artificial line, this point has no true significance. 4) Africa is also the second most populous continent on Earth, with about 1.256 billion people (2017). Africas population is growing faster than Asias population (4.5 billion), but Africa will not catch up to Asias population in the foreseeable future. For an example of Africas growth, Nigeria, currently, the worlds seventh most populous country on Earth, is expected to become the third most populous country by 2050. Africa is expected to grow to 2.5 billion people by 2050. Nine of the 10 highest total fertility rates on Earth are African countries, with Niger topping the list (6.49 births per woman as of 2017). 5) In addition to its high population growth rate, Africa also has the worlds lowest life expectancies. The average life expectancy for citizens of Africa is 61 years for males and 64 years for females, though its a little lower in some regions of Africa and higher in northern Africa (closer to the global average). The continent is home to the worlds highest rates of HIV/AIDS; more than two-thirds of all people infected are in Africa. Better treatment for HIV/AIDS is directly related to average life expectancy rising back to 1990 levels in southern Africa by 2020. 6) With the possible exceptions of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was colonized by non-African countries. The United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Portugal all claimed to rule parts of Africa without the consent of the local population. In 1884–1885 the Berlin Conference was held among these powers to divide up the continent among the non-African powers. Over the following decades, and especially after World War II, African countries gradually regained their independence with the borders as established by the colonial powers. These borders, established without regard to local cultures, have caused numerous problems in Africa. Today, only a few islands and a very small territory on the Moroccan coast (which belongs to Spain) remain as territories of non-African countries. 7) With 196 independent countries on Earth, Africa is home to more than a quarter of these countries. There are 54 fully independent countries on mainland Africa and its surrounding islands. All 54 countries are members of the United Nations. Every country is a member of the African Union, including Morocco, which rejoined in 2017. 8) Africa is fairly non-urbanized. Only 43 percent of Africas population lives in urban areas. Africa is home to only a few megacities with a population greater than 10 million: Cairo, Egypt; Lagos, Nigeria; and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Cairo and Lagos urban areas are around 20 million, and Kinshasa has about 13 million residents. 9) Mt. Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa. Located in Tanzania near the Kenyan border, this dormant volcano rises to an elevation of 19,341 feet (5,895 meters). Mt. Kilimanjaro is the location of Africas only glacier, although scientists predict that the ice on the top of Mt. Kilimanjaro will disappear by the 2030s due to global warming. 10) While the Sahara Desert is not the largest nor the driest desert on Earth, it is the most notable. The desert covers about 25 percent of the land of Africa.

Understanding Term Spreads or Interest Rate Spreads

Understanding Term Spreads or Interest Rate Spreads Term spreads, also known as interest rate spreads, represent the difference between the long-term interest rates and short-term interest rates on debt instruments such as bonds. In order to understand the significance of term spreads, we must first understand bonds. Bonds and Term Spreads Term spreads are most often used in the comparison and evaluation of two bonds, which are fixed interest financial assets issued by governments, companies, public utilities, and other large entities. Bonds are fixed-income securities through which an investor essentially loans the bond issuer capital for a  defined period of time in exchange for a promise to repay the original note amount plus interest. Owners of these bonds become debt holders or creditors of the issuing entity as entities issue bonds as a means of raising capital or financing a special project. Individual bonds are typically issued at par, which is generally at $100 or $1,000 face value. This constitutes the bond principal. When bonds are issued, they are issued with a stated interest rate or coupon that reflects the prevailing interest rate environment at the time. This coupon reflects the interest that the issuing entity is obligated to pay to its bondholders in addition to repayment of the bond principal or the original amount borrowed at maturity. Like any loan or debt instrument, bonds are also issued with maturity dates or the date at which full repayment to the bondholder is contractually required.​​​ Market Prices and Bond Valuation There are several factors at play when it comes to the valuation of a bond. The issuing companys credit rating, for instance, can influence the market price of a bond. The higher the credit rating of the issuing entity, the less risky the investment and perhaps the more valuable the bond. Other factors that can influence a bonds market price include the maturity date or the length of time remaining until expiration. Last, and perhaps the most important factor as it relates to term spreads is the coupon rate, particularly as it compares to the general interest rate environment at the time. Interest Rates, Term Spreads, and Yield Curves Given that fixed-rate coupon bonds will pay the same percentage of the face value, the market price of the bond will vary over time depending on the current interest rate environment and how the coupon compares to newer and older issued bonds that may carry a higher or lower coupon. For instance, a bond issued in a high-interest rate environment with a high coupon will become more valuable on the market if interest rates were to fall and new bonds coupons reflect the lower interest rate environment. This is where term spreads come in as a means of comparison.   The term spread measures the difference between the coupons, or interest rates, of two bonds with different maturities or expiration dates. This difference is also known as the slope of the bond yield curve, which is a graph that plots the interest rates of bonds of equal quality, but different maturity dates at a specified point in time. Not only is the shape of the yield curve important to economists as a predictor of future interest rate changes, but its slope is also a point of interest as the greater the slope of the curve, the greater the term spread (gap between short- and long-term interest rates). If the term spread is positive, the long-term rates are higher than the short-term rates at that point in time and the spread is said to be normal. Whereas a negative term spread indicates that the yield curve is inverted and the short-term rates are higher than the long-term rates.

Language and identity , English composition 1 Essay

Language and identity , English composition 1 - Essay Example Anzaldua's essay is concerned with naming - but not 'mapping' - the multiplicity of identity formations she occupies simultaneously and contradictorily. She agrees with the (post)structuralist view that language speaks us, and that the languages we speak define our identity, our cultural make-up, our ideologies, and our definition of self. "Language is a homeland", Anzaldua says (1999, p. 895). She asserts that 'ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity - I am my language" (p. 898). But those who occupy 'the border', those who have multiple and conflicting subject positions or identity categories - such as Chicana lesbian - are 'deslanguadas' [without language] according to Anzaldua: "Somos los del espanol deficiente" (p. 897). We are your linguistic nightmare, your linguistic aberration, your linguistic mestizaje, the subject of your burla. Because we speak with tongues of fire we are culturally crucified. Racially, culturally and linguistically somos huerfanos - we speak an orphan tongue (p. 897). Anzaldua's own essay, in English and in Spanish - sometimes translated, sometimes not - embodies her answer to the problem of dominant and subordinated languages and identities. Her concept of 'mita y mita' - half and half (p. 890).

Painting and Theatre in 16th century Venice and Rome Essay

Painting and Theatre in 16th century Venice and Rome - Essay Example The essay "Painting and Theatre in 16th century Venice and Rome" discovers the 16th-century painting and theater in Rome and Venice. The art of painting and sculpting practiced during this period was characterized, by an acute interest in human beings and their surroundings and by a meticulous recording of detail, especially that of human anatomy. The classic art developed individually at different places with the center of activity being Rome. Venice was altogether active in its own manner and remained more or less unaffected and uninfluenced with the movements in rest of the Italy. The principle of perspective was a revolutionary finding in the fifteenth century which was to govern the progress of painting in the next century. With the help of these principles, making of technically correct three dimensional drawing on a two dimensional surface became possible. This gave a major direction for painting to progress as this added feature helped to draw technically correct and proporti onate objects in foreground and background providing a new meaning and understanding to the art of painting. Proportion and size of the object in painting were given more importance and this precision and exactness was taken further by going in to detail of individual elements. This perfectionist approach came to be known as movement of classicism in the field of art. Venice was an important and prosperous centre during this period which had grown powerful financially and politically. The city being geographically separated. from the mainland of Italy developed a distinct style of painting which came to be known as the Venetian school of painting2 with prominent artists like Giovanni Bellini, Titian and Giorgione shaping its course. Giovanni initiated the styles of painting which was later taken to new heights by his pupils, Titian and Giorgione. Venice being a city of lagoon, there was high shortage of land. Only the privileged could afford a garden in the house. People used to cra ve for a spreading view of land and this was reflected in the paintings of Venice. The theme of paintings was mainly based on the landscapes rich with natural beauty. Venetian school for painting is known for its rich and atmospheric quality. The paintings describe nature in details and play with colors and light to show emotion. The use of bright and luminous colors, perfect and minute detail of the landscape and natural elements and the use of indistinct brush strokes were the key characteristics of these paintings. The attempts where directed toward achieving an atmosphere with rich colors and luminous surroundings to fulfill the inner craving for a vast landscape to live in. The use of light filled colors like orange, yellow and blue are noticeable in these paintings. The knowledge of perspective was explored to greater depths and complex landscape paintings with distinct foreground and background were made. The techniques of two point and three point perspective were also utilized in many cases. The painting of 'the tempest' by Giorgione expresses nature in elaborate detail and 'the adoration of shepherds' shows the use colors and light to depict human emotions. 'The pastoral concert' by Giorgione also provides a good example of takes the Venetian landscape painting in detail. In Venice, a tradition of colorist painting reached its climax in the works of Titian, whose portraits demonstrate a profound understanding of human nature. Titian dominated Venetian painting of this period. In the spirit of the Renaissance, he created scenes of the Greek and Roman classical

Fractions In The Mathematics Curriculum Education Essay

Fractions In The Mathematics Curriculum Education Essay This chapter reviews the relevant literature related to the study. It will explore the overview of the topic and theories that are related and relevant to the study. The study can be divided into two main themes-, the issue and the intervention. The issue here refers to learning problems associated with Fraction which includes the place of the subtopic in the Brunei Mathematics Curriculum, review of previous research on students difficulty and underlying theories related to the topic. The intervention describes how the instruction will be carried out, what are the relevant instructional type of intervention used, the theory behind the choice, including previous research on the choice of intervention. These are then referred to the Brunei SPN-21 curriculum framework. 2.1 Issue: Fractions 2.1.1 Fractions in the Mathematics Curriculum Fractions are first introduced to pupils in Year 2 in Brunei mathematics curriculum. The curriculum keeps revisiting the topic of fractions at different depth up to secondary education. The syllabus content for O Level Mathematics outlined the expected outcome in this topic. Students are expected to be able to use the language and notation of simple vulgar and decimal fractions and percentages in appropriate contexts, recognize equivalence and perform calculations by suitable methods, with and without a calculating aid in involving fractional operations (Cie,2012). The Curriculum Development Department (CDD), Ministry of Education, Brunei Darussalam has outlined the learning outcomes that should be attained by students at each level as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Placement of Fraction in the Brunei Syllabus Year Learning Outcomes 2 Understand the ideas of fraction as a part of a whole Use fraction chart to name fractions with denominators up to 10. Name simple fractions based on fraction diagrams. Shade simple fractions on given diagrams. Demonstrate that when all fractional parts of a whole are included the result equals one whole. Read and write for example; = 1 , = 1 , = 1 3 Use fraction chart and number line to recognize and name fractions with denominators greater than 10. Shade or colour fractions with denominators greater than 10. State the numerator and the denominator of a given fraction. Compare like fractions. Order like fractions in order of size. Compare unit fractions .(S) Arrange unit fractions in order of size. .(S) Use diagrams or fraction chart to recognise equivalent fractions. (S) Compare unlike fractions. (C) Arrange unlike fractions in order of size. (C) Add and subtract like fractions within one whole. 4 Determine equivalent fractions of a given fraction with denominator à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 10 Reduce a given fraction to its simplest form Compare and order fractions with denominators Convert improper fractions into mixed numbers vice versa (S) Addition and subtraction of like fractions with results >1 Add and subtract related fractions(C) Solve word problems. (SC) 5 Add and subtract related fractions Add and subtract unlike fractions Multiply fractions (include mixed numbers) by a 1-digit whole number Divide fractions (include mixed numbers) by a 1-digit whole number (C) Interpret fraction as division Solve word problems (M, SC) 6 Apply concept of fraction in estimating answers in computations. (e.g. less than 2; is slightly more than 52, etc.) (C) Understand fraction as part of a set Find a fraction of a set Divide fractions (including mixed numbers) by a whole number (C) Multiply a fraction by another fraction (S) Divide a fraction by another fraction (S) Solve word problems (M, SC) 7 Perform operations on fractions without / with the use of the calculator. Apply fraction as part of a set and as a division of two numbers in various contexts. Recognise place values of digits in a given decimal. Convert between fractions and decimals. Compare fractions and/or decimals using words and symbols: , à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ and = (CDD documents, 2010) After Year 7, fraction is incorporated into other topics such as algebra, everyday mathematics and measurements. The content of the topic is designed by using Bruners spiral curriculum. Jerome Bruner, a renowned psychology in the constructivist theory, believed that any subject could be taught at any stage of development in a way that fit the childs cognitive abilities. Spiral curriculum refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over, building upon them and elaborating to the level of full understanding and mastery. As shown in Table 1, the topic is revisited from Year 2 to Year 7 in different depth. 2.1.2 Students difficulty in learning and understanding Fraction It is well documented that fractions are among the most complex mathematical concepts that children encounter in their years in primary education (Newstead Murray, 1998, Bezuk, Cramer Streetfland, 1991). Hartung (1958) acknowledged the complexity of the fraction concept that cannot be grasped all at once. He also cited that knowledge of fractions must be acquired through a long process of sequential development. This is probably one of the reason why in our curriculum framework, the topic is being taught in stages from as early as when the children are in Year 2, and is developed as they grow older to a more complex form. Experts have outlined a number of reasons to explain students difficulty with fractions. Some researchers had point out the causes for the low performance in this topic (e.g Kerslake, 1986,Hart, 1988, Domoney, 2002, Hannula, 2003). One of the predominant factors contributing to the complexities is the fact that fractions comprise a multifaceted notion encompassing five interrelated sub-constructs which are part-whole, ratio, operator, quotient, and measure (Brousseau, Brousseau Warfield, 2004; Kieren, 1995; Lamon, 2001). It has been suggested that children should develop an integrated understanding of different sub constructs (Post, Cramer, Bejr,Lesh, Harel,1993). Other factors which contribute to the students weakness in fractions is that fractions cannot be counted and there are infinite numbers of fractions between any two fractions, as reported by Robert Siegler (2010). Students tend to memorize formulas or algorithms instead of understanding them. Students also have a difficulty in incorporating concept into practice, example is that students do not know why addition and subtraction require a common denominator. Although being exposed to the computing of fractions from primary school, students in secondary school still make significant error in the addition and subtraction of fractions (Wan, 2002). Studies have also established that students difficulties are mainly due to lack of conceptual understanding of fraction itself. Students had good procedural understanding of fractions as this had been the method taught to them since primary school. (Moss Case, 1999). The development of conceptual understanding involves seeing the connections between concepts and procedures, and being able to apply mathematical principles in a variety of context.(BOS NSW, 2002). A number of recent research studies in Brunei Darussalam have confirmed that pupils in schools are drilled into application of rules and formulas at the expense of mathematical understanding (Veloo and Lopez-Real, 1994; Wong and Veloo 1996; Clements, 2002; Lim, 2000; Khoo 2001; Norjum Veloo, (2003); Veloo and Ali Hamdani, 2005). This is further supported by a report on error analysis on students performance in PMB 2008. The report revealed that students were mostly drilled to do mathematical rules without understanding (MOE, 2008). Study in Brunei on Primary 5 and Primary 6 pupils, had identified some common error patterns, namely grouping error, basic fact error, defective algorithm, incorrect operation and careless error. (Yusof Malone,2002). The study also reported that although the students achievement in the post test had improved but their performance on fraction work remained unsatisfactory particularly on basic operations. Various studies in Brunei primary schools (Clements (1999), Fatimah (1998), Jabaidah (2001), Leong, Fatimah Sainah (1998) Raimah (2001) ) also revealed that pupils in the upper primary school find fractions to be extremely difficult and most of them had no relational understanding of fraction concept. Suffolk and Clements (2003) studied students in Form 1 and Form 2 from 27 secondary schools in Brunei also found out that many students were experiencing serious difficulties with elementary fractions tasks. Another study by Zurina (2003) involving Form 4 (N-Level) students discovered that students had very poor knowledge and understanding of fractions and decimals. The major contributing factors were that teacher spent large amount of time on preparing students for high-stake examination, therefore the traditional drill and practice method was mostly employed by teachers. She further commented that teaching and assessment methods were not generating towards the desired quality of stud ents. Despite being a difficult and complex topic, fraction is one of the main topics in the Brunei Mathematics syllabus, and is being taught formally as early as in Year 2. Wu (1999), cited that fraction understanding is vital to a students transformation from computing arithmetic calculations to comprehending algebra. In Year 7, students are expected to know and understand the sub-constructs of fractions, and are able to perform operations using fractions fluently. They should have acquired the conceptual and procedural understanding of fractions. Addition and subtraction of fractions was first introduced to pupils in Brunei in Year 3 and continued in different depth to secondary education. Although students have been exposed to computing of fractions as early as in Year 3, they still make significant errors in addition and subtraction of fractions in secondary school (Wan,2002). Samsiah (2002) in her study on Primary 6 pupils in Brunei Darussalam found out that pupils don not acquire accurate procedural knowledge for carrying out fraction operations and she further recommended that teaching and learning environment need to be created which are conducive to a healing process. Common errors in addition and subtraction of fractions is the classic error of adding or subtracting the numerator and denominator. This implies that students were thinking of fractions in a disjointed rather than holistic manner. Students difficulties in fractions could be seen as a global phenomena as being discussed. Recognizing the difficulties and acknowledging the importance of fraction in mathematics education makes this study of great significance to the researcher and mathematics teachers. 2.1.3 Students confidence Concentration, Confidence, Competitive urge, Capacity for enjoyment (Arnold Palmer) Confidence is a state of being certain whether the hypothesis or prediction is correct or that a chosen course of action is the best or most effective.   According to Jones (2001), the self-confidence is the assurance that a person has in his or her own abilities. Self-confidence is also defined as the sureness of feeling that you are equal to the task at hand. This sureness is characterised by absolute belief in ability. Bandura (1986) reasoned that the most important source of information on students confidence comes from the mastery experience. The term mastery experience implies that individuals are to reflect on and evaluate their own performance. Self-confidence is extremely important in almost every aspect of our lives, yet so many people struggle to find it. Sadly, this can be a vicious circle: People who lack self-confidence can find it difficult to become successful. In order to develop confidence in Mathematics, students need to be provided with opportunity to use mathem atics in a real context. 2.2 Intervention and Remediation According to a study by Kroesbergen and Van Luit (2003), intervention is used to teach basic math skills and problem-solving strategies for students with special needs. Remediation is the effective re teaching of material not previously mastered when it was originally taught, according to a research study for the Southeastern Regional Council for Educational Improvement by Gypsy Anne Abbott and Elizabeth McEntire. A successful remediation strategy covers any prerequisite concepts or skills needed to understand the current objective. Students who did not learn the material the first time it was taught may simply need reteaching or a fresh approach, while students with problems learning may also need modifications to the lessons and assessments, more time to complete assignments or shortened assignments. In this study, the researcher is doing remediation programme adopting the Learning study strategy in two cycles. First cycle is addressed at improving students conceptual understanding of fraction, particularly looking at equivalent fraction which is the pre requisite for addition and subtraction of fraction with different denominators. The second cycle is aimed at improving students fluency in doing operation with fractions. The pre-test is administered before the intervention programme is carried out. This is to find out the students knowledge of the problem being investigated. The post-test is administered at the end of cycle 2. This is as a measure of the learning which might take place as a result of the intervention. 2.2.1 Learning Study Learning Study is a process where teachers work collaboratively to plan teaching strategies by focusing on the students needs. It builds teacher knowledge about how students develop mathematical understanding. Learning Study aims to advance student learning through building a sequence of learning experiences, reviewing the lessons and evaluating the effectiveness of the learning experiences. It is most effective when supported by an expert to offer constructive advice and support Learning study is similar to the Japanese Lesson Study (Yoshida,1999 ; Stigler Hiebert, 1999). It is aimed at improving students learning in a cyclic process of planning and revising lesson by a group of teachers. The theory of Variation (Marton, Runesson, Tsui, 1997) forms the basis of the theoretical framework of Learning Study. According to variation theory, learning is defined as a change in the way a person experiences a particular phenomenon and is associated with a change in discernment in that persons structure of awareness (Marton Booth, 1997; Marton Tsui, 2004; Marton Pang, 2006). In designing the patterns of variation and invariation, teachers are advised to use the principles of variation, as follows: The principle of contrast teacher to give contrasting example (e.g. Fraction and Whole number) The principle of separation to test one variable, change the other variable. (e.g to understand relationship of numerator to the value of fraction, vary the numerator and keep the denominator invariant) The principle of generalization to generalize a concept, different examples of the same value are given (e.g to generalize the concept of , give all kinds of examples involving say half of an apple, half of an hour etc The principle of fusion vary different dimensions simultaneously (e.g. to understand two critical aspect of numerator and denominator, vary both at the same time, systematically) The main focus of learning in the SPN-21 curriculum is the learner, with emphasis on the teaching and learning for understanding. Learning study is one of the strategies which focus on the teaching and learning for understanding. It is the aim of the Ministry of Education to provide continuous professional development in order to help teachers to improve their understanding of teaching. To support this, Learning study group of secondary school teachers had been set in Brunei to improve teaching and learning of science and mathematics. Learning Study is a process where teachers work collaboratively to plan teaching strategies by focusing on the students needs. It builds teacher knowledge about how students develop mathematical understanding. Learning Study aims to advance student learning through building a sequence of learning experiences, reviewing the lessons and evaluating the effectiveness of the learning experiences. It is most effective when supported by an expert to offer constructive advice and supporTeachers are encouraged to use different approach to their teaching for the improvement of learning in Brunei. Dato Seri Setia Awang Hj Yusoff Hj Ismail, the acting Minister of Education, in his speech at the opening of the World Association of Lessons Studies (Wals) Conference 2010 mentioned on the importance of lesson study and learning study to improve on the teachers understanding of their teaching. He further added that the challenge is to ensure that collaborative enquiry trough lesson and learning study takes root in the culture of our school (Brunei Times,2010 Dec) 2.2.2 Use of Manipulative in Mathematic I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand (Confucius, 551-479BC) Mathematics education today are moving towards the facilitation of students understanding and conceptualization rather than drill and practice of rote procedures (Heddens,1986). This is in line with the SPN-21 curriculum framework which also give emphasis on the teaching and learning for understanding. One of the ways to promote understanding is by using manipulative. Manipulative are physical object help to make mathematical concepts become concrete. Research in many countries supports the idea that the mathematics instruction and students mathematics understanding will be more effective if manipulative materials are used (Canny, 1984; Clements Battista, 1990; Dienes, 1960; Driscoll, 1981; Fennema, 1972; 1973; Skemp, 1987; Sugiyama, 1987; Suydam, 1984) Allowing students to use concrete objects to observe, model, and internalize abstract concepts will yield a positive effect on students achievement (Sowell,1989.,Ruzie and OConnel,2001) . Manipulative allows students to construct their own cognitive models for abstract mathematical ideas and processes. They are also engaging students and increasing both interest and enjoyment of mathematics. Long term interest in mathematics translates to increased mathematical ability (Suton Krueger, 2002). 2.2.3 Games in Mathematics Classroom Games are seen to be fun, not only motivating but ensuring full engagement, particularly through reflection and discussion, on which constructive learning depends (Booker,1996). Games are also valuable for simulating and encouraging mathematical discussion between group of children and between students and teacher (Earnest, 1986). Students may build on their prior knowledge and forms links between the game and their everyday surroundings (Bragg, 2006). Bragg further added that through the use of games, students ability to work independently of the teachers and others helps them to build confidence through achieving success in classroom. Games offer mathematics teachers a way of practicing and reinforcing arithmetic and other mathematical skills, as well as supplementing for drills and practice-problems. Games are seen as a way of presenting high level mathematics concepts in a simple and non-threatening way. Although games has been seen as a beneficial tool in mathematics classroom (Bragg,2006; Booker,2000; Gough,1999; Anily,1990), it is also important to ensure the structure of the game support learning, for learning to take place (Swansed Marshall, nd). Learning outcomes related to the games should be clearly specified to make the usefulness of games explicit to students (Bragg, 2006). In this study, the game of I have.. , who has? is used. The game is chosen because it involves the whole class and easy to administered. The rule is also very simple In this game, students have to be attentive and at the same time try to figure out the answer that match their cards. 2.2.4 Use of Video song Music is chosen as another mean of helping students to understand the topic. Music establishes a positive learning state and energizes learning activities. Songs and rhythmic chants invite the students to become active in the learning practice. Music adds an element of fun while helping accentuate the lesson orientation. Songs help stimulate the students imagination. Music helps ease tension through work that does not feel like typical classroom work. The melody, rhythm and repetition collaborate together as an effective tool in improving students memories, which in turn will establish good retention of the topic Music is a universal language which promotes reading, creativity, and comprehension skills all at the same time(Wright,2009). Don McMannis, an expert on childrens music, mentioned the positive effect of music on peoples emotions and creativity. He also agreed that music is an effective medium for learning and retaining information, in a way that it activates three different centers of the brain at the same time: language, hearing, and rhythmic motor control (Elias,2009). Music is considered as one of the avenues for learning proposed by cognitive phychologists in the theories of multisensory learning (Harris,2009). Music is viewed as a multi-sensory approach to enhance learning and retention of academic skills. The music activities used will directly carry the curriculum content that the student is to learn. For example, if the student is to add single digit numbers, the lyrics to the educational song or chant will deal directly with that target skill. Research supports the use of music as a mnemonic device for the learning and recall of new information. Music also plays a role in focusing attention and providing a motivating environment for learning. In addition, educational research confirms that we learn and retain information better when we find it interesting and meaningful. In this study, a video song from you tube, called the Mathe Mia Addition of Fractions, is used. The lyrics of the song summarize how to do addition and subtraction of fractions, from common denominators to unlike denominators and the mixed numbers. After the students have acquired the intended learning objectives, the video song will helps them to recall and retain the information learnt. 2.3 Summary It is well documented that fraction is one of the most difficult topic in Mathematics. Fraction has been taught to students in stages; from as early as when they are in Year 2. Understanding how fraction works is needed in life and other field of study. It is therefore important to establish good foundation in this topic. Lesson study is being practised worldwide and has proven a successful and effective method of enhancing teaching and learning. The ministry of Education has encouraged schools to practice lesson or learning study to help teachers and students in their teaching and learning. Teachers are also encouraged to use of different teaching strategies in enhancing students learning. The use of Manipulative in teaching and learning had been established in the education system. The effectiveness of games in promoting students learning had also been well documented. Games give an alternative way of learning in a fun, enjoyable and non-threatening way, which in turn will boost students motivation and confidence. Research had found out the positive impact on the use of music in education, although it is not a very popular means of teaching in the secondary schooling. Through the use of different strategies, students learning of the subject might yield positive result.